Understanding ADHD medication: a comprehensive guide

ADHD Medication is vital for many individuals with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Marked by ongoing inattention and impulsivity, ADHD can negatively impact the relationships, well-being, and daily life of those who have it unless treated, either with or without medication. This blog outlines the main types of ADHD medication and treatments, how they work, and how to choose the right one.

Types of ADHD medications

The two main types of ADHD medications are stimulants and non-stimulants. Each type works differently and suits different needs.

Stimulant ADHD medications

Stimulants are the first-line treatment for ADHD and the most commonly prescribed. They work by increasing dopamine and norepinephrine levels in the brain, which helps with attention, focus, and impulse control.

Non-stimulant ADHD medications

Non-stimulants are prescribed when stimulants don't work well or cause bad side effects. They work differently from stimulants and can be used alone or with stimulants. 

What does ADHD medication do?

By targeting brain chemicals involved in attention and behaviour, these medicines support executive function and help symptoms feel more manageable day-to-day.

Stimulants

Stimulant medications increase the levels of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain. These chemicals help control attention, behaviour, and executive function. This makes stimulants effective in improving focus, reducing hyperactivity, and controlling impulsive behaviours. Effects are usually seen within 30-90 minutes (about 1 and a half hours). 

• How stimulants help: Can quickly improving focus, organisation, and impulse control during work and school hours.

• How stimulants work: Increase dopamine and norepinephrine signalling (especially in the prefrontal cortex).

• Possible drawbacks: Can be short acting, increase heart rate/blood pressure, and interfere with sleep and appetite.

Non-stimulants

Non-stimulant ADHD medications stop norepinephrine from being reabsorbed in the brain, making more of it available. Guanfacine and clonidine affect receptors that help with attention and impulse control, though they work differently from stimulants. Non-stimulants have a slower onset, often taking several weeks to show full benefits [1][2][4].

• How non-stimulants help: Provide steady, all-day symptom control and can reduce hyperactivity and improve attention when stimulants aren’t suitable.

• How non-stimulants work: Boosts norepinephrine pathways, either by blocking reuptake or activating alpha-2A receptors.

• Possible drawback: Works more slowly (often 2–6 weeks) and may cause tiredness, dizziness, or stomach upset.

Potential side effects of ADHD medication

ADHD medications can cause side effects. These vary depending on the person and the specific medication.

Stimulant side effects

Common side effects of stimulant medications include:

• Decreased appetite and weight loss [1][2][3]
• Sleep problems/insomnia [1][2][3]
• Headaches [1][2]
• Stomachaches/abdominal pain [1][2][3]
• Increased heart rate/blood pressure [2][3]
• Irritability/mood changes [1][2][4]
• Tics or worsening of existing tics [1][2][5]
• Rebound effect (irritability when medication wears off) [1][2]

Non-stimulant side effects

Non-stimulant ADHD medications may cause:

• Fatigue [3][4]
• Dizziness [1][3]
• Nausea [1][3]
• Effects on blood pressure [1][4]

Benefits of ADHD medications

When prescribed and taken correctly, medication for ADHD can significantly improve symptoms of inattention and more.

Here are some of possible benefits of ADHD medications:

• Improve focus and concentration: Helps you sustain attention on tasks for longer.

• Reduced hyperactivity and impulsivity: Calms restlessness and supports self-control.

• Better performance at school or work: Supports task completion, time management, and productivity.

• Improved emotional regulation: Fewer mood swings and easier frustration management.

• Stronger social interactions: Less interrupting, better listening, and clearer communication.

• Enhanced overall quality of life: Day-to-day routines feel more manageable and satisfying.[1][2][3][4]

Importance of ADHD treatment

Treating ADHD is crucial because it helps manage symptoms that can impact daily life. Proper treatment can improve academic and job performance, relationships, and reduce the risk of other mental health issues. Effective management of ADHD can lead to a better quality of life and improved functioning in various aspects of life [1][2][3][4].

Alternative treatments

While medication is often the primary treatment for ADHD, non-drug treatments can also be helpful. These include:

• Behavioural therapy: Techniques like cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) and parent training help people develop coping strategies and improve organisational skills [1][3].
• Educational interventions: Special educational plans and support can help children with ADHD succeed in school [1][3].
• Lifestyle modifications: Regular exercise, a balanced diet, and enough sleep can positively impact ADHD symptoms [1][3].
• Neurofeedback and biofeedback: Neurofeedback trains people to regulate brain wave patterns, while biofeedback focuses on controlling bodily functions like heart rate and muscle tension. Both can be effective in reducing ADHD symptoms [2].

Choosing the right ADHD medication or treatment

Choosing the best ADHD treatment for adults and children depends on several factors, such as age, specific symptoms, and other health conditions, and you should consult a doctor to help you find the best treatment plan. Non-stimulants might be preferred if stimulants don't work, cause bad side effects, or if there's a concern about misuse [1][2][4].

For this reason, it’s important to get an ADHD diagnosis and discuss symptoms with a qualified ADHD psychiatrist, who can help decide what medication you should start with. 

How HealthHero can support you

HealthHero offers full support for managing ADHD. Our experts provide personalised consultations and access to a range of treatments to ensure the best results. Learn more about our ADHD management services.